Return to Lichens and Ecosystems
Return to Lichen Biology and the Environment
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A red alder tree downwind of the smoke plume from the Sitka Pulp Mill (which has since been closed) in Sitka, Alaska. Red alder bark is normally covered by a mosaic of white lichens, but no lichens could grow in the polluted air behind the mill. |
| Photograph copyright Stephen/Sylvia Sharnoff |